Three (3) Year Contract to Provide Grass Cutting Services

Bid Number 50-00149756
Three (3) Year Contract to Provide Grass Cutting Services
(Smooth/Rough) for The Jefferson Parish Department of Parkways
BID DUE: May 12, 2026 AT 2:00 PM
ATTENTION VENDORS!!!
Please review all pages and respond accordingly, complying with all provisions
in the technical specifications and Jefferson Parish Instructions for Bidders and
General Terms and Conditions. All bids must be received on the Purchasing
Department's eProcurement site, www.jeffparishbids.net , by the bid due date
and time. Late bids will not be accepted.
Jefferson Parish Purchasing Department
200 Derbigny Street
General Government Building, Suite 4400
Gretna, LA 70053
Purchasing Specialist II: Stacey Champagne
Email: stacey.champagne@jeffparish.gov
Phone: 504-364-2688

BID # 50-00149756
EASTBANK RIGHT-OF-WAY GRASS CUTTING
FOR THE JEFFERSON PARISH
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS - PARKWAYS DEPARTMENT
NON-MANDATORY PRE-BID CONFERENCE
A NON-MANDATORY Pre-Bid Conference will be held at 10:00 am on April 17, 2026 in the Jefferson
Parish Government Building, 200 Derbigny St., Suite 4400, Gretna, La 70053, All bidders are invited to
attend the NON-MANDATORY pre-bid conference.
PRE-BID INSPECTION OF THE SITES
All site locations included in this bid are easily accessible, at any time, for any bidder. Representatives
from Jefferson Parish will not attend any pre-bid site inspections.
LICENSING
Bidders shall be properly licensed in accordance with LA-R.S. 37:2150-2163 and must possess a Louisiana
State Contractor's License with the classification of SPECIALTY: LANDSCAPE, GRADING AND
BEAUTIFICATION (The license number is required to be on the electronic envelope and failure to do so
will result in automatic rejection and your bid will not be read aloud in accordance with public bid law).
The apparent low bidder shall, within ten (10) calendar days of bid opening, submit copies of the front
and back (as applicable) of all Agriculture & Forestry licenses and certifications (listed below) required for
performance of the work. Such documentation is not required at the time of bid submission; however,
failure of the apparent low bidder to timely provide the required documentation within the ten (10) day
period shall render the bid non-responsive and subject to rejection.
Bidders shall possess the following licenses and certifications:
* Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry State Landscape Horticulturalist License.
* Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry Ground Owner Operator License.
* Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry Category 6: Right-of-Way & Industrial
certification.
All required licenses shall be issued in the name of the company submitting the bid and performing the
work. Any license held in an individual capacity, including but not limited to a Landscape Horticulturalist
License, must reflect the bidding company as the individual's place of business in the records of the
Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry.
The prime contractor shall independently possess all licenses required to perform the scope of work and
may not rely upon a subcontractor's license to satisfy licensing requirements for work constituting more
than fifty-one percent (51%) of the total contract value. Subcontractors shall hold all licenses and
certifications applicable to the specific portion of work they perform, but such licenses shall not substitute
for the prime contractor's required licensure
All required licenses and certifications shall remain valid and in good standing for the duration of the
contract. In the event of any change in an individually held license (e.g., Landscape Horticulturalist),
written notice of such change shall be provided to Jefferson Parish prior to continuation of work.
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BID # 50-00149756
The Contractor bears sole responsibility for compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws,
rules, and regulations governing required licensure and certification.
A written list of all proposed subcontractors shall be submitted to Jefferson Parish for approval prior to
contract execution. No subcontracted work shall commence until written approval is obtained. By way of
example only, mulch placement may be subcontracted to a properly licensed Landscape Horticulturalist,
and chemical application may be subcontracted to a duly licensed applicator holding the appropriate
category certification.
BONDS:
* Bid Bond - A bid bond in the amount of five thousand dollars and zero cents ($5,000.00) is due
with the bid submission.
* Performance Bond - A performance bond in the amount of one million dollars and zero cents
($1,000,000.00) is required at the signing of the formal contract. The proposer acknowledges and
agrees that the Performance Bond may be forfeited for the successful proposer's failure to fully
and faithfully perform its obligations in accordance with the negotiated and executed agreement.
* Payment Bond - A payment bond in the amount of one million dollars and zero cents
($1,000,000.00) is required at the signing of the formal contract. The proposer acknowledges and
agrees that the Payment Bond shall act as security for the true and faithful payment in full of all
subcontractors and persons performing labor, services, materials, machinery, and fixtures in
connection with the work, and may be subject to forfeiture in the event the successful proposer
fails to fully and faithfully satisfy any and all payment obligations.
SUBCONTRACTORS
All mowing operations and related work must be performed by the Contractor. No subcontractors shall
be allowed to perform these services. Subcontractors may be utilized for chemical applications, mulch
placement and/or tree trimming.
INSURANCE
In addition to Jefferson Parish's standard insurance requirements, the Contractor shall possess Pollution
Insurance with the following coverages:
* Covering losses caused by pollution conditions that arise from the operations of CONTRACTOR;
* Minimum acceptable limits: $1,000,000 per incident; and $2,000,000 aggregate;
* Broad Form Named Insured endorsement;
* Fines, penalties and punitive damages to be included;
* Clean up costs to be included;
* Additional Insured endorsement in favor of Parish of Jefferson, its Districts, Departments,
Agencies and Employees under the direction of the Parish President and the Parish Council, and
should stipulate that the insurance afforded CONTRACTOR shall be primary insurance and that
any insurance carried by the Owner shall be excess and not contributing insurance;
* A Waiver of Transfer of Rights of Recovery Against Others to Us endorsement in
favor of Parish of Jefferson, its Districts, Departments, Agencies and Employees
under the direction of the Parish President and the Parish Council;
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BID # 50-00149756
* If claims-made coverage is accepted, the retroactive date, if any, must precede the
commencement of the performance of the Contract; and
* Any retrospective date applicable to coverage will be maintained or an extended discovery
period will be exercised for a period of three (3) years, beginning when this Contract is
completed or terminated.
SCOPE OF WORK
The Jefferson Parish Department of Public Works - Parkways (Parkways Department) is soliciting
qualified Contractors for a three (3) year contract for grass cutting, edging, blowing, sweeping, litter
removal, mulching and herbicide spraying operations to be performed throughout the Eastbank of
unincorporated Jefferson Parish. The scope of work shall include all tasks and items listed within these
specifications. This shall include turnkey maintenance of designated areas to include all specified
aspects of turf maintenance for the Eastbank of Jefferson Parish. Lump sum pricing per cycle shall
include all equipment, incidentals, licenses, insurance, labor, fuel and transportation to the work site.
The Contractor shall refer to Resolution No. 136353, as amended, which provides a uniform set of
"General Conditions and Agreement for all contractors engaged in performing work or services for the
Parish of Jefferson".
PERIOD OF AGREEMENT
The term of the contract shall be for three (3) years.
INVOICING
The Contractor shall submit an invoice after each completed cycle of work. A separate invoice shall be
submitted for Eastbank Parish smooth cut routes, Eastbank State smooth routes, Eastbank parish flat
rough-cut routes, Eastbank Parish roadside ditch and slope mowing and Eastbank State roadside ditch
and slope mowing routes in accordance with the Attachments (see Attachment A thru E). Invoices shall
be clearly labeled to the corresponding Attachments:
Attachment A - Eastbank Parish Smooth Cut
Attachment B - Eastbank State Smooth Cut
Attachment C - Eastbank Parish Flat Rough
Attachment D - Eastbank Parish Roadside Ditch and Slope Mowing
Attachment E - Eastbank State Roadside Ditch and Slope Mowing
Partial payments for a cycle will not be made. Therefore, an invoice will not be processed unless all
locations included in the cycle have been adequately completed in accordance with the specifications.
LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
Liquidated damages may be assessed for missed and/or unsatisfactory work. The liquidated damages
amount set forth in these specifications is intended to represent a reasonable estimate of the damages
anticipated to result from delay or non-performance. At the time of contracting, actual damages may be
difficult to calculate with certainty; therefore, the stated amount reflects a good-faith effort to
approximate likely costs and impacts associated with such delay. The liquidated damages provision is
not intended to operate as a penalty. The amount established bears a reasonable relationship to the
anticipated harm and is included solely to compensate for damages that are otherwise uncertain or
impracticable to quantify in advance. Liquidated damages may be assessed as outlined below:
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BID # 50-00149756
Incomplete Work
Scheduling of work is an important part of this contract. The Contractor will be required to present a
monthly schedule of his proposed operations, including all work locations, to the Parkways Department
for approval. Once the schedule is approved, the Contractor must abide by this schedule of work. In the
event that the schedule must be altered, it shall be the Contractor's responsibility to have any changes
approved by the Parkways Department.
Jefferson Parish personnel will perform daily inspections of mowing operations in accordance with the
Contractor's work schedule. In the event that a scheduled location should be incomplete, when it is
inspected by the Parkways Department, liquidated damages of two hundred fifty dollars and zero cents
($250.00) per calendar day may be assessed.
Unapproved Schedule Changes
Parkways Department personnel will rely on the Contractor's work schedule in order to efficiently check
on the quality of work and to schedule in-house tasks in the same vicinities as the mowing operations (see
SCHEDULE). Liquidated damages of two hundred fifty dollars and zero cents ($250.00) per calendar day
may be assessed for any unapproved schedule changes and/or missed assignments. Agreed upon weather
delays shall not warrant liquidated damages.
Failure to Remove Debris / Trash
In the event that any debris or trash is left at any location overnight, liquidated damages of one hundred
dollars and zero cents ($100.00) may be assessed per location, per night. This debris may include, but
not be limited to, trash bags, green debris, trash, grass clippings within the roadway and/or equipment.
If the Parkways Department notices the Contractor utilizing a right-of-way trash receptacle(s) as part of
his required trash removal, liquidated damages of one hundred dollars and zero cents ($100.00) may be
assessed per location.
Unsatisfactory Work / Failure to Make Corrections
Jefferson Parish personnel will perform daily inspections of mowing operations to ensure that the
Contractor is abiding by the maintenance specifications and providing quality work. In the event that a
location, or portion of a location, contains unacceptable work, the Contractor will be notified in writing
by the Parkways Department and shall have twenty-four (24) hours after the written notice to complete
the work in accordance with the contract's specifications. Jefferson Parish personnel will re-inspect the
area(s) twenty-four (24) hours after notice is given. If the work is still unacceptable, liquidated damages
of two hundred fifty dollars and zero cents ($250.00) may be assessed, per location.
SITE LOCATIONS
See Attachment Sheets (A thru F). The specified work locations are listed within each Attachment.
Additionally, Parish and State routes for smooth cutting and for roadside ditch and slope have been
separated. Attachment F includes a list of required mulch bed locations. No landscape work is required
for these locations, but each bed area shall be mulched twice per year and shall be inclusive of the
mowing pricing. The locations are listed by street name with either an address or intersection to help
locate each site. Furthermore, a general description of the required work is noted. Typical work
descriptions include center median, right-of-way, cul-de-sac and lot.
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BID # 50-00149756
The Contractor shall note the following guidelines related to grass cutting operations:
* This contract does not include maintenance of any private property.
* When maintaining a specified (typically vacant) lot, the Contractor shall include maintenance of
all adjacent rights-of-way (front, side and rear) with his maintenance of the lot.
* Unless specified, this contract does not include front or side yard right-of-way maintenance of
any private property, residence or business.
* When right-of-way maintenance is specified, the Contractor shall include all parish and/or
private servitudes within the roadway right-of-way, including, but not limited to, drainage
structures and canals, gas line rights-of-way and electrical service rights-of-way.
* When referring to the list of required locations to maintain, right-of-way (ROW) maintenance is
typically specified geographically based on the roadway. If no direction is provided, the ROW
area shall be assumed to cover turf area(s) of that specific location.
* There are no pictures or maps available for the required locations. There is no quantified
acreage of work. It shall be the bidder's responsibility to visit the work sites to evaluate the
quantity and scope of work.
PART I QUALIFICATIONS
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
All bidders must have the knowledge, resources and capabilities to meet the expectations of this
contract. The successful bidder shall not put an undue hardship on Jefferson Parish staff due to a lack of
experience with work of a similar scope and scale.
INDUSTRY STANDARDS, TESTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are standards, tests, and recommended methods that shall apply to this work.
* Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
* Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry (LDAF)
* Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD)
MINIMUM EQUIPMENT
The Contractor must have the appropriate type(s) and quantities of operational equipment and labor to
complete the work within the specified time frames (see PART III TURF MAINTENANCE AND
FREQUENCIES). Agreed upon rain days will not count toward the allotted schedule(s). The Contractor
must show proof of ownership, rental agreements and/or line(s) of credit to acquire the following
minimum list of equipment upon request from Parkways Department:
* (12) String trimmers (minimum 25cc)
* (6) Stick edgers (minimum 25cc)
* (6) Backpack blowers (minimum 50cc)
* (6) Manicure mowers with (60" or 72") cutting decks (front or belly mount)
* (1) Tractors (85hp or greater)
* (1) Boom mower attachment (slope) (minimum 20' reach)
* (1) 15' (minimum) rotary cutting deck
* (1) Street sweeper (minimum 3 CY debris hopper)
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BID # 50-00149756
PART II DEFINITIONS
BID PRICING
Bid pricing shall be provided per cycle (unit price) for the locations outlined in each attachment.
Additionally, incidental bid items are included with this bid. There is no guaranteed quantity of any
incidental bid items to be used for this contract. All bid items shall include all associated costs related to
the item such as labor, material, equipment, fuel, insurance and related incidentals. Incidental mowing
prices shall be used if any locations are added or subtracted from the contract. All acreage shall be
rounded to the nearest 0.25 of an acre.
CYCLE
A cycle shall refer to all tasks associated with a complete grass cutting operation (see SMOOTH CUT,
FLATS CUT and ROADSIDE CUT). The contract's pricing shall be bid at a per cycle price for each type of
grass cutting (see PART III, TURF MAINTENANCE AND FREQUENCIES). The specified number of cycles for
each type of cut is the minimum amount of cycles to be performed per each twelve (12) month period.
At the discretion of the Parkways Department, additional cycles may be added to one or more types of
grass cutting. Additional cycles shall be compensated based on the unit price per cycle provided on the
bid form.
CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS (EQUIPMENT)
The Contractor shall determine the type, and quantity, of equipment required for chemical applications.
Equipment may include, but not be limited to, backpack pump sprayers, street legal UTV's, trucks and/or
trailers.
Tank size(s) shall be determined by the Contractor. To avoid possible cross-contamination, it is
recommended that the Contractor only utilize his tank(s) for non-selective herbicide applications and
that the tank(s) is not used for any other contracts. Any chemical damage to trees, turf and/or
landscape beds shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to restore to its original condition and may
result in termination of the contract.
CHEMICAL APPLICATION (PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDE)
With approval from the Parkways Department, the Contractor may apply pre-emergent herbicides
(Pendulum, Barricade, Esplanade or approved equal) to assist in hardscape weed control. Pre-emergent
herbicide application is not a requirement of this contract, but the Contractor may apply pre-emergent
herbicide up to two (2) times per year in accordance with the manufacturer's label.
Pre-emergent herbicide applications may take place along gutter bottoms, roadway joints and large
hardscape areas. Pre-emergent herbicides shall not be applied in turf areas, landscape beds or under
tree rings. Unauthorized pre-emergent application may result in termination of the contract.
All pre-emergent herbicide applications taking place along curbs, gutters and other hardscape areas can
be applied with a higher-pressure adjustable gun such as a JD-9 with a wand. The Contractor will be
responsible for limiting chemical drift and is advised not to spray while winds are in excess of 5 miles per
hour. The Contractor shall be responsible for any damage resulting from his spraying operations.
All chemical applications shall be performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed
professional. An approved subcontractor may be utilized for chemical applications. The Contractor shall
record and submit a Spray Log (see ATTCHMENT G) after each application.
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BID # 50-00149756
CHEMICAL APPLICATION (NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE)
Chemical applications shall be applied as part of each mowing cycle so that no weeds are visible within
tree rings or within hardscape areas such as curbs, gutters, sidewalks and roadways. Chemical spraying
within landscape beds is not required. Chemical applications will typically consist of non-selective
herbicide spraying (RoundUp or approved equal) applied in accordance with the manufacturer's label
(specifications). Spraying shall take place within the required mowing areas as well as all hardscape
areas adjacent to the designated cutting areas. This includes all curbs, gutters, concrete traffic devices,
drainage structures and sidewalks. Curb and gutter spraying shall extend a minimum of 18" into the
roadway beyond the curb. Spraying shall take place within the required mowing areas. For example, if
mowing is required on a center median but not the rights-of-way of an area, curb spraying shall be
required adjacent to the center median but not the rights-of-way. Additionally, all intersections within a
maintenance route shall be sprayed.
Weeds shall be sprayed as soon as they are discovered during each mowing cycle. In the event that
weeds reach a height of 4" or greater, the Contractor shall be required to spray them and then return
forty-eight (48) hours later and physically remove them.
All non-selective herbicide applications within turf and/or landscape areas (including tree rings) must be
made utilizing a low/medium pressure wand with an adjustable patterned nozzle. All non-selective
herbicide applications taking place along curbs, gutters and other hardscape areas can be applied with a
higher-pressure adjustable gun such as a JD-9. The Contractor will be responsible for limiting chemical
drift and is advised not to spray while winds are in excess of 5 miles per hour. The Contractor shall be
responsible to any damage resulting from his spraying operations.
Under certain circumstances, and with approval from the Parkways Department, the Contractor may
utilize RoundUp QuickPRO (or approved equal) for weed control. RoundUp QuickPRO would be
approved in situations where weather may have interfered with normal non-selective herbicide
applications and weed growth is excessive. RoundUp QuickPRO cannot be used under the drip line of
trees. The Contractor may not mix his own equivalent to RoundUp QuickPRO. All applications shall
abide by the manufacturer's label.
With approval from the Parkways Department, the Contractor may apply an aquatic non-selective
herbicide such as RoundUp Custom (or approved equal) in and around ditch areas to assist in roadside
ditch and slope cutting operations. The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining the proper
licensure and following all regulations related to aquatic spraying. Aquatic spraying is not mandatory for
this contract and will not exclude unlicensed aquatic application Contractors from bidding. However,
only Contractors licensed for aquatic spraying will be allowed to apply aquatic herbicide products. All
applications shall abide by the manufacturer's label.
All chemical applications shall be performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed
professional. An approved subcontractor may be utilized for chemical applications. The Contractor shall
record and submit a Spray Log (see ATTCHMENT G) after each application.
Chemical application (non-selective herbicide) is required for every cycle.
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BID # 50-00149756
COOPERATION
It is possible that other Jefferson Parish employees and/or contractors may be working within close
proximity to grass cutting locations. The Contractor shall coordinate his work with any other work
taking place in the vicinity of his grass cutting locations in relation to scheduling and limits of work.
Should a conflict occur, a Jefferson Parish Representative will make the final decision as to each
contractor's limits of work.
DAMAGE TO FACILITIES
The Contractor shall take exceptional precaution when performing cutting operations near utility and
drainage structures in order to eliminate the possibility of damage. The slope cutting areas covered
under these specifications include numerous obstructions such as CMP (Corrugated Metal Pipe), RCP
(Reinforced Concrete Pipe), PVCP (Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe) and other types of drainage outfall culverts
and structures. In the event that damage occurs to any utility facility, the Contractor shall immediately
notify a Jefferson Parish representative. In addition, the Contractor shall note in the comments section
of the daily maintenance report the time, location, person notified, type of damage and circumstances
of the damage. All costs associated with the repair and/or replacement of the damaged structure shall
be borne by the Contractor. The Contractor shall take exceptional precaution when performing cutting
operations near these structures in order to eliminate the possibility of damage.
The Contractor must have in place prior to work, a method of recording, responding and repairing
legitimately broken glass, windshields or any other kind of damage experienced due to the work being
performed. Jefferson Parish will direct any damage claims directly to the Contractor for investigation
and remediation.
EDGING
Edging shall be accomplished utilizing mechanical stick edgers with steel blades. Edging shall occur
along concrete curbs, sidewalks and other areas where define hardscape meets turf. Discs, herbicides
and or/string trimmers may not be used to control grass growth where grass and a paved surface meet.
At the completion of edging, no grass should be visible over a hard surface. Edging equipment shall be
such that a clean, sharp line along the hard surface/grass interface shall remain upon completion of
edging. A minimum depth of 1" (one inch) shall remain along and below the top of hard surface paving
upon completion of edging in order to slow the continued growth of the grass. All dirt and grass
clippings shall then be blown off of the curb and swept (see SWEEPING/BLOWING).
In instances where a stick edger cannot be used, such as missing, depressed or broken curbs, a string
trimmer may be utilized. However, the string trimmer must be turned perpendicular to the edge to
create a defined line.
Edging is required for every cycle.
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
The bid shall include all equipment, operators, fuel, maintenance and transportation. All equipment
shall be in a good state of operation and shall be maintained to work and perform the tasks it was
designed for in an expedient time frame.
All street legal vehicles used for this contract shall include the Contractor's company name and/or logo
clearly displayed. All field employees shall wear high visibility clothing that clearly displays the company
name and/or logo.
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BID # 50-00149756
EQUIPMENT STORAGE
Parking of grass cutting equipment and associated trucks and/or service vehicles during non-working
hours (except during the mid-day meal period) shall take place at Parish designated and approved areas
only. It is the intent of this section to eliminate the parking and storage of equipment near public rights-
of-way, buildings and private facilities. The Parish will make areas available for parking equipment after
working hours, weekends and holidays in relatively close proximity to the work areas. In the event that
the Contractor does not wish to utilize the areas provided by the Parish, the Contractor must move and
store equipment as directed by the Parish representative. Regardless of the areas designated by the
Parish and used by the Contractor, the Parish assumes no liability for the contractor's equipment. Any
losses due to occurrences, such as theft, malicious damage, breakage, fire or general loss, will be
assumed by the Contractor.
The Jefferson Parish Parkways Department shall provide the Contractor with (24) hour access to its
Eastbank equipment yard. The Eastbank yard is located at 200 Shrewsbury Road, Jefferson, Louisiana
70121. The Contractor will be allowed to store equipment, dump debris from the street sweeper and
perform minor wash-down of equipment. Additionally, the Contractor shall be allowed to utilize the
hose spigots located within the yards to fill up spray and street sweeper tanks. The Contractor must
provide and utilize his own hose. The Contractor shall not be allowed to rinse or clean any chemical
tanks on Jefferson Parish property.
GRASS CUTTING (MOWING)
Grass cutting shall be accomplished using mechanical mowers in order to leave a smooth, level, cut on
the grass following the existing grade. No gouging, scalping or similar actions shall be permitted. All
trash and debris must be removed prior to grass cutting. It is the Contractor's responsibility to
determine the condition of the site and work around any obstacles. Jefferson Parish shall not be
responsible for any debris or hazards that may be encountered during mowing operations. The
Contractor shall mow around any hazards and then alert a Parkways Department representative.
The Contractor shall determine the size and style of machine to be used. Different types of machines
may be required based on the type and size of each area to be cut. Additionally, the Contractor shall
use his judgement on the stability of the ground when mowing. The Contractor shall not be allowed to
leave ruts within wet areas. Any ruts or holes caused by mowing operations within wet areas shall be
repaired by the Contractor.
This contract will require the Contractor to mow in close proximity to existing drainage canals and shall
include mowing up to the point of transition of the canal slope. It shall be acceptable for the Contractor
to use a mechanical weed eater to maintain this transition area. It shall also be permissible for the
Contractor to use a tractor (75 hp or less) and an implement to mow this area.
GREEN DEBRIS REMOVAL
Any waste such as grass clippings, branches, dirt or any other organic rubbish located at any area to be
maintained will be considered green debris. Green debris may be existing to a location, or be generated
by the Contractor's operations. Green debris, as described, shall be removed by the Contractor during
each maintenance cycle as a part of the grass cutting performance. It shall not be acceptable for the
Contractor to place green debris within the mulch ring of existing trees. Placing green debris under
existing trees, or mowing around and not removing green debris, may result in Liquidated Damages (see
LIQUIDATED DAMGES).
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